A comforting breakfast staple loved by many, Chinese doughnut sticks (Youtiao) are light, airy and pleasantly chewy. Follow my recipe to make it at home without fail.
The most popular Chinese breakfast
“What do Chinese families have for breakfast?” This is a question that I’ve been asked many times and I often find it difficult to answer. There are just too many varieties! However, if I had to choose one particular dish, Chinese doughnut sticks (Youtiao, 油条) would be the one synonymous with breakfast across the country.
Essentially, it’s deep-fried, leavened dough that has a slightly salty, alkaline flavour and an airy, fluffy texture, In English, a variety of words are used to name it, such as Chinese cruller, Chinese oil stick, Chinese donut, Chinese fried dough stick, Chinese churro, etc.
As a child, I always loved watching the street vendors frying up doughnut sticks. It’s fascinating to see thin strips of dough magically expand to chunky sticks in just a few seconds.
A labour of love
Making doughnut sticks isn’t a popular home cooking practice in China because 1) It’s time-consuming. 2) It requires good attention to detail to get it right.
But don’t let these statements stop you from trying, especially if you’re like me who has no chance to buy it but still crave it for an occasional treat. It’s truly a labour of love. When I had the first bite of my homemade one, I knew that it was worth all the effort!
Top tips for success
Well-cooked doughnut sticks should be light, airy and slightly chewy. To achieve the desired texture, I suggest you follow the recipe “to the letter”. Before I explain each step in detail, allow me to summarise a few things that you need to pay attention to:
- Use a kitchen scale to measure ingredients as it’s so much more accurate this way than using cups.
- This recipe makes a high-hydration dough (very soft) which contributes to a light and airy texture. It might be a little messy to handle but try not to alter the flour-water ratio.
- The dough needs to be rested for at least 2 hours. If kept in the fridge overnight, you must allow it to come back to room temperature before deep-frying.
- Oil temperature control is very important so using a kitchen thermometer greatly increases your chance of success.
Ingredients
To find the dough formula that creates the most light and airy doughnut sticks, I’ve done extensive tests on the ingredient choices and ratios. Eventually, I settled down with this list (For making 10-12 sticks):
- 400g all-purpose flour/plain flour
- 2 teaspoon baking powder
- ¼ teaspoon baking soda, optional
- ½ teaspoon salt
- 2 eggs, lightly beaten, plus water combined to 250g
- 2 tablespoon neutral cooking oil, plus a little for coating
Here are a few notes you might find helpful:
- Baking soda isn’t compulsory for this recipe. It helps to brown the sticks during deep frying. Also, it adds a little alkaline taste which is part of the flavour profile. Do not increase its quantity though as this leads to a soapy taste.
- You may use eggs of any size as long as the combined weight of eggs and water reaches 250g.
- Melted butter or coconut oil can be substitute for regular cooking oil.
Instructions
Step 1: Make the dough
Due to its high-hydration nature, this dough is a little tricky to prepare. But don’t be discouraged, here are a few tips to help you out.
- If using a stand mixer: combine and knead all the ingredients on low speed for about 8 minutes. Rub a little oil on your hands to remove it from the bowl.
- If preparing manually: use a silicon spatular to mix and combine all the ingredients into a rough-looking dough. Cover and rest for 15 mins. Coat your hands with some oil. Use your fist to press the dough. Then use your fingers to fold it from the side towards the centre. Repeat the movement until the dough becomes smooth.
🛎 Tip: For best result, it’s important that all the ingredients are well combined and the dough is kneaded to an even and smooth texture. A little oil helps to prevent sticking and the more you knead, the less sticky it’ll become.
Step 2: Rest the dough
Divide the dough into two pieces. Then shape them in your hands (use a little oil if it sticks) into two smooth balls. Coat them thoroughly with oil. Cover with cling film to rest.
You may either let the dough rest for 2-4 hours at room temperature or in the fridge overnight (since it’s a breakfast item, you might want to cook it in the morning). If you choose the latter, remember to bring the dough back to room temperature before frying (leave in a warm place for at least 1 hour). Otherwise, it won’t puff up as desired.
Step 3: Shape the dough
Now your dough pieces should be very soft and flexible. Gently transfer them (do not knead again) onto a surface dusted with flour. Use your hand to shape them into two rectangles (about 10×25 cm/4×10 inch each).
Lightly dust the top of the dough with flour. Then cut each rectangle crosswise into 10 equal strips (use a long, sharp knife to make it neat).
Lay one strip of dough on top of another. Press the centre with a chopstick lengthways to stick them together. Repeat the procedure with the rest of the dough pieces.
🛎 Tip: I use a 30cm/12in wok for deep-frying. If your cookware is smaller, reduce the length of the dough strips (it should measure around one-third of the diameter of your cookware).
Step 4: Deep fry
Start heating up the deep-frying oil while you’re shaping the dough as it takes a while to reach the desired temperature.
Once the oil reaches 190°C/374°F, turn the heat down to low. Gently stretch the dough then carefully lower it into the oil (be careful not to splash).
The dough will come up to the surface within a few seconds. Roll it around continuously with a pair of chopsticks. Once it stops expanding and becomes evenly golden, transfer to a plate lined with kitchen paper (to soak up excess oil).
Repeat the procedure to cook the rest of the dough. You may cook two sticks at the same time, but do not fry more at once since this will decrease the oil temperature too much.
🛎 Tip: Doughnut sticks fry well when the oil temperature is between 190°C/374°F and 200°C/392°F. At a lower temperature, the dough will come out dense and oily, whereas at a higher temperature it might have the middle part undercooked while the outside is already brown enough.
Note: I’ve been asked if air-frying can be an alternative way to cook Chinese doughnut sticks. Unfortunately, the answer is no. However, you may use an air-fryer to reheat leftover ones.
What to serve with
Chinese doughnut stick tastes wonderful on its own. You may also dip it into soy milk, a little soy sauce, or condensed milk if you fancy something sweet. I personally like eating it with a little fermented bean curd (Fu Ru/腐乳).
Fan Tuan (饭团, stuffed sticky rice roll), another delicious breakfast worth trying, uses doughnut stick as filling.
Other breakfast recipes
Looking for more classic Chinese breakfast dishes? Here are a few examples:
- Chicken & Mushroom Congee (鸡肉粥)
- Steamed Flower Rolls (花卷)
- Scallion Pancakes (葱油饼)
- Jian Bian, Chinese Crepe (煎饼)
- Steamed Eggs (蒸蛋羹)
Chinese Doughnut Sticks (Youtiao, 油条)
Ingredients
For the dough
- 400 g all-purpose flour/plain flour
- 2 teaspoon baking powder
- ¼ teaspoon baking soda, optional, see note 1
- ½ teaspoon salt
- 2 eggs, lightly beaten, plus water combined to 250g, see note 2
- 2 tablespoon neutral cooking oil, plus some for coating
You also need:
- Flour for dusting
- Oil for deep-frying, see note 3
Instructions
Make the dough
- With a stand mixer: Add flour, baking powder, baking soda (if using), salt, the egg water mixture and oil into the bowl. Mix and knead on low speed for about 8 minutes. Rub a little oil on your hands (to prevent sticking) and remove the dough.
- Manually: use a silicon spatular to mix and combine all the ingredients into a rough-looking dough. Cover and rest for 15 mins. Coat your hands with oil (to prevent sticking). Use your fist to press the dough. Then use fingers to fold the dough from the side towards the centre. Repeat the movement until the dough becomes smooth (at this stage it should be soft but not sticky).
Rest the dough
- Divide the dough into two equal portions. Shape each one into a smooth ball. Coat with oil then cover with cling film.
- Rest the dough for 2-4 hours at room temperature. Or, keep it in the fridge overnight. The next morning, wait for at least 1 hour until it comes back to room temperature.
Shape the sticks
- Before handling the dough, start heating up the oil for deep frying.
- Transfer the dough pieces onto the work surface (or a chopping board) dusted with flour. Use your hands to flatten each piece into a rectangle shape (about 10×25 cm/4×10 inch). Remember not to knead it again but handle it gently.
- Lightly dust the dough with flour to prevent sticking. Then cut each piece into 10 equal strips.
- Lay one strip on top of another. Press the centre with a chopstick lengthways to stick them together. Repeat the procedure with the rest of the dough pieces (dust with flour where necessary).
Fry the sticks
- Once the oil reaches 190°C/374°F (see note 4), turn the heat down to low. Gently stretch the dough then carefully lower it into the oil (be careful not to splash).
- When it comes up to the surface, roll it around continuously with a pair of chopsticks. Once the dough stops expanding and is evenly golden, transfer it to a plate lined with kitchen paper (to soak up excess oil).
- Repeat the procedure to cook the rest of the dough. You may cook two sticks at the same time, but do not fry more at once since this will decrease the oil temperature too much.
Store & reheat
- Doughnut sticks taste best when warm. You may store leftovers in an airtight bag in the fridge for up to three days or in the freezer for 2 months.
- Reheat the chilled ones in a frying pan (without oil) over low heat until warm. Flip several times to heat evenly.
- For frozen ones, you may heat it up in the oven (preheated at 180°C/ 356°F) for 5 mins without defrosting. Or defrost first then warm up in a frying pan.
NOTES
CALORIES
Note: This post was firstly published in Jan 2018 and republished in Apr 2021 with an improved recipe, more detailed instructions and tips.
Hi, can i substitute all purp flour to bread flour?
Yes you can but the texture will be a lit chewier.
Hi
Thank you for your post. Can you please point me to how to modify this ingredient to make it crispy for longer and crispy for eating well with porridge and noodle soup.
The bread stick that I made puff up very well but
1. very oily
2. very soon get soggy when it cold
3. even when serving hot, it is too mushy taste for the purpose of eating with porridge and clear noodle soup
Thanks heaps
Here are my answers to your questions. 1. If they’re overly oily, highly likes it’s caused by frying them from a temperature lower than suggested. 2. If you prefer a crispy texture, put them into the oven at 200°C/ 390°F for 3 mins or so.
Very nice, 1st time making it, turn out great. I think it make a few mistakes, I layered them together and then cut them, which make the ends stick together, so did not puff up (so I separated them slightly so the oil can get in).
Do you get one flat side (top or bottom) that didn’t puff up like the middle parts? ? or did i use too much flour on top/bottom?
Thank you Kevin for trying out my recipe! It should puff up all around but it can be tricky to get it right every time. Yes, dusting too much flour can cause problems.
I don’t have a stand mixer. Could I knead by hand?
Yes you can! The dough is on the sticky side. So use a non-sticky spatula to help mixing. Coat your hands with a little oil when kneading. The detailed instructions are in the recipe.
It’s a double icing baking powder or just a regular baking powder?
This recipe calls for double acting baking powder which is the most common type. Nowadays commercial baking powder available in supermarket is usually double acting even without mentioning it.
Looks delicious. They remind me of the Spanish Churro!
Thank you Ann! They look similar but they taste very different. Both are delicious though!
Thank you for trying out my recipe Lynn! It could be caused by two factors: 1. The oil wasn’t hot enough when you slide in the dough. 2. The dough was rolled out or stretched too thin.
it worked..
Thank you Wei.
Has anyone used an air fryer for this recipe?
Hi Suamitt! Air fryer works for part-cooked, frozen You Tiao but it’s not suitable for making You Tiao from scratch.
Can I freeze the dough so that I can make this on other days?
Hi! I don’t think it’s a good idea to freeze the dough (as it might change the end texture) but I’ve never tested that way to prove. Sorry I can not provide you a reliable suggestion. Will give it a try in the future when I have a chance.
You don’t need to dust with flour as the dough pieces are already coated with oil so they shouldn’t stick. You can roll the dough a little thinner if necessary but do not handle the dough too much as it will disturb the “relaxed” gluten network making stretching more difficult. Hope this helps.
Hi! I really want to try out this recipe but unfortunately I only have self rising white flour, will this substitute work?
Hi lily! Yes, you can use self rising flour which contains baking powder. In this case, you can omit the baking powder in the ingredient list. The end result might be a little different as the flour baking powder ratio in your self rising flour could be different from my recipe (it depends on the brand). Good luck!
These turned out great and were so easy to make! I made them same day after resting the dough x 6 hours at room temp. The dough was wonderfully soft and supple. I don’t live near any shop that makes these so being able to make them at home is awesome. Thanks for sharing your recipe!
You’re welcome Lily! Delighted to know my recipe has satisfied your craving.
Approximately How long would you knead the dough? 20 minutes?
Hi Donald! There is no set time on kneading. As long as the dough becomes smooth, you are ready to shape it.
can i put the dough in the fridge for more than 2 days to rest?
Hi Ruth! No, you can’t leave the dough for too long as baking powder and baking soda will lose their effectiveness.
Hi Allan! You need to remove the cling film right before you cut the dough into strips. Happy cooking!
Thank you!
Hi Ainz! I’ve mentioned in the recipe instructions that you should start frying when the temperature reaches 180°C / 356°F. Happy cooking!
Thank you for the recipe I tried 2 other recipes from 2 different blogs and they don’t work. Something wrong with their hydration ratio. Your recipe is the only one with correct hydration. I made it a month ago and everyone at home loves them.
That’s great to hear!
Thank you for the recipe. I can’t get baking powder. Can I use self raising flour for this recipe instead? I do have baking soda but not baking powder.
Self-raising flour contains plain flour, baking powder & a little salt. So I think you can use it for this recipe (although I haven’t tested this way). The result might be a little different as the flour baking powder ratio is different from my recipe (different brands have different ratios too). Hope this helps!
Thank you so much, Wei.
I’m from Singapore, and we can find油条 in many places, at very low price.
But we are trying to eat home cooked food, for healthier choices of ingredients.
After seeing your reply, I bought some organic unbleached self raising flour to replace the flour, baking soda and baking powder. And I tried to make it vegan, without egg.
The rest, I followed your instructions. And I am so pleased that my first attempt at making 油条 is very successful.
Thank you once again for sharing.
That’s wonderful to hear! Yes, it’s fine to alter the ingredients a little as long as you understand the key factors that contribute to a good result. So happy that you’ve enjoyed it!
You may replace the baking powder with 1.5 tsp of dried yeast for my recipe. Use lukewarm milk (or water) to make the dough. Rest until it doubles in size. Then shape and fry the doughnut stick as usual. Hope this helps. Stay safe!
Hello, I do not have baking powder and will use yeast as you mentioned. However, what did you mean by lukewarm water to make the dough? The recipe has milk but not water. Thank you in advance.
Hi Adriana! You can use either lukewarm milk or lukewarm water. They are interchageable. Happy frying!
Sorry, it was a typo. What I mean is the flour milk ratio (corrected in my recipe). However, I didn’t say the ratio depends on the humidity in the room. I said: it depends on the brand of your flour and how you measure it. Hope this helps.
Oh my god. This makes me soooooooo happy! I would love to make my own 油条。I can’t wait!
I totally understand your excitement. Have a good time making them!
Can You put cinnamon and sugar on them and use them as a dessert
Yes, you can. In this case, you might wish to reduce the amount of salt used in the dough.
This is our 5th attempts from other recipes and we nailed it with yours! Is fluffy and easy to make without the need to wait for 24 hours! We make delicious youtiao in 2 hours! Thanks so
Much!
Thank you very much for letting me know. I understand how tricky it can be to make perfect Youtiao. Glad my recipe worked out for you.
These look so good! I have tried a few recipes but I’m always on the hunt for more variety! I may make some and bring them to one of my professors. He studied in China for a long time so I think he would like the gift! Also go you have a recipe for what looks like red bean congee you took the photos with? I have a hard time finding a good recipe for that and my experiments are ok, but not there yet!
Hi Sheena thanks for visiting my blog! I haven’t yet shared a red bean congee recipe. Here are a few tips: Use short grain rice as they tend to be more starchy. Soak the red beans overnight prior to cooking. Use a clay pot if available (it really makes a difference). Always simmer instead of boiling. If you prefer a stickier texture, you may also replace 1/4 of the regular rice with glutinous rice. Hope this is helpful. Happy cooking!
In Australia we have a TV cooking program MKR. ONE of the winners did you tiao. All ingredients the same except it uses water n no baking soda just one n a half teaspoon of baking powder. I just tried n do not know result yet. Hope it will turn out well without the baking soda. Thank u for sharing yr recipe with us. Gwen
You’re welcome Gwen. Thank you very much for sharing your knowledge with my blog readers.
Hi Tanya! Leave them to cool then store in a plastic bag. If you’re eating them on the same day, no need to put it the fridge. Reheat in a preheated oven at 400 °F (200 °C) for 2-3 mins or so.
Thank you for sharing your recipe. I always have this question on the back of my head. What do you do with the oil afterward? It seems like a waste of oil after one use. Can you re-use the oil to fried again? If so, what’s the procedure to save it and how many times can you re-use it?
Thank you in advance.
I totally understand your concern Jack. You can reuse the oil under certain conditions. If you google “reuse deep fry oil”, you will find a few good results on this topic which provide all the information you would need (from Epicurious, Serious Eats, Bon Appetit, etc.). Personally, I reuse the oil for a couple of times maximum if cooking Youtiao only.
Thank you for sharing your recipe for Chinese doughnut stick (Youtiao, 油条). I did see a cooking showing with a similar recipe where a egg was inserted during the frying. Do you know what receipt that is?
Hi Steve! I think you are talking about a speciality from Henan province (河南). It’s called You Tiao Guan Ji Dan (油条灌鸡蛋) , literally meaning doughnut stick filled with egg . The doughnut stick is deep fried half way then hollowed with chopsticks from one end. A lightly beaten egg is poured into the hole. Then you put the doughnut stick back into the hot oil to fry until fully cooked. I’ve never cooked this way. but I might give it a try one day.
Sorry to hear that Jessica. Next time you can add a little more milk to make the dough softer (The flour milk ratio varies a little depending on the brand/type of the flour). I don’t roll the dough very thin (Have a look at the images shown in my post). Another possible reason is that the oil temperature might have been too low when you put in the dough.
Hi,
this recipe not using any egg?
No eggs required for this recipe.
Hi Paul. Yes this recipe calls for 1/2 teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate and 1 tablespoon of baking powder. Unlike using yeast as leavening agent , the dough won’t rise much. But when deep fried, the dough stick will expand a lot. Another note: make sure that the dough comes back to room temperature (very soft to stretch) before deep frying. Hope this is helpful.
Hi Jimmy! You may make the dough and fry it on the same day. I suggest you leave the dough to rest for at least 4 hours though. Otherwise the dough stick won’t expand properly when deep frying. And you are free to replace milk with water. Hope this is helpful.
Can it be baked instead?
Hi Cora! I’m afraid that baking is not an alternative cooking method for this recipe.
Wei, They look delicious!! I need to get a thermometer first. Want to try these! Thanks for the recipe.
Glad you find it appetizing! It’s M & O’s favourite. I bet your boys will love it.
Me too! 😉
So kind of u tqsm I like chinese stick so much n my little grand doter hard to stop when she start eating it.. Even I know that it is not a proper CS. TQ